Aristotle’s Rhetoric Model of Communication (384-322
B.C)
Shannon and Weaver’s Model of Communication
Shannon’s model is directed at solving the problem of “noise in the channel” when an electrical signal is transmitted from one machine to another. The small unlabeled box in the middle of the diagram represents the physical channel, such as a telephone line, fiber optic cable, or computer chip. (Paul Cobley, Peter J. Schulz, Theories and Models of Communication, Handbook of Communication Science)
Shannon emphasized that his ‘mathematical theory of communication’ is relevant only for understanding and solving the engineering problem of signal transmission, He refrained from any implication the solution of this problem could have or understanding the ‘semantic aspects of communication’. Indeed, he originally presented not ‘the’ but ‘a’ mathematical theory of communication (Shannon 1948), Leaving the selection of the holder definite article to Weaver, who put the book together out of Shannon’s papers. But Shannon’s reluctance to generalize his theory could not prevent his and Weaver’s ideas on ‘communication’ from being quickly and enthusiastically received as well as fervently rejected by social scientists (as regards reception, fakobson 1981; Sense 1969; and with respect to rejection, Hayles 1999).
- A source of information which produced a message (sender)
- A transmitter which encoded the message into signals for transmission.
- A channel through which the signals were to be transmitted
- A receiver that decoded the message from the signals that were transmitted.
- A destination where the message arrived after the decoding.
- The concept of 'Noise' that hampers or interferes when communication is occurring.
- Being a linear model, there is no feedback
- As there is no feedback, the clarity and the understanding of the decoded message was questionable.
- Situational or contextual noise at that point of time was not taken into concern.
- It is not known as to how effective the received meaning was and if it lead to an affect in behaviour or action of the recipient.
Harold Lasswell’s - Lasswell Model of Communication
Harold Lasswell's model is founded on a 5 W's approach. This model can be defined in just one statement – WHO says WHAT to WHOM through WHICH channel with WHAT EFFECT.
- A linear Model
- It is based on effect of the sender’s message on receiver.
- There is no feedback for the message.
- It is very linear in nature (researchers say communication is always in circular motion because of feedback element)
- It presents communication as more of a persuasive process rather than an informative process as the focus is on the effect that the communication causes on the receiver.
- Surveillance of the environment
- Co-relation of components of society
- Cultural transmissions between generations.
David Berlo’s SMCR Model
The same goes for the Message and the manner in which it is communicated. The content of the message and the way in which it is structured and delivered or transmitted matters. Here, Code is attributed to the form in which the Message may be communicated. Later researchers have attributed to Code as either textual, verbal or visual style of encoding one's message.
Berlo has also shown the different ways in which communication can occur by showing different aspects of the ‘Channel.’ He uses the five senses of the Human being to explain the channel through which the message is given.
The Receiver too receives his or her message based on the factors that influence the receiver. The factors that create an influence on the Sender while sending a message are also factors that influence a Receiver and the manner in which the receiver receives the message. Sender and receiver are surrounded by factors that influence them individually which the message is sent across.
Communication skills:
If an individual has good communication skills, the communication surely is better as the receiver is able to grasp the message quickly.
Poor communication skills can hamper a healthy communication.
Communication skills include varied skills like fluent speaking, clear presentation, clear reading/ writing, careful listening, avoiding clutter, cutting the other person short, etc.
Attitude:
The sender’s attitude is of equal importance as is the recipient’s attitude in order to create the impact of the message.
A person’s attitude depends on his/ her understanding of self, the other, and the environment around. The attitude can create a whole lot of meaning and influence the effect of the message. A sender and a recipient’s attitude matters.
Knowledge:
Communication can be powerful, when the individual communicating has in-depth knowledge of the topic or the subject that one is talking about. This teamed with an open attitude also allows a give and take of knowledge, sharing of view- points and a better outcome of the communication.
Knowledge on the subject of conversation is important, all the more, since today’s technology does not permit to you go laxed. People verify and respond to ignorance.
Social Systems:
As human beings, we are born into a family that belongs to a particular social system. May be a particular family unit, community, schooling institute, organisation, industry, etc. The individual’s location, socioeconomic status, race, religion, societal function, are all influential factors.
Every individual communicates and every recipient receives and interprets the message according to these factors that are constantly within us and are an integral part of us.
Culture:
As human beings, we are born into a family that follows, certain traits that includes, their faith practices, their beliefs, their community or ethnic orientations, their values, the laws they abide with, the societal norms they follow, and many other social factors. Cultural nuances enhance any communication. What might be appealing and beautiful in one culture, maybe highly derogatory in another culture.
While communicating, it is advisable to understand the recipient of the message and the cultural background before the message is spoken. On the other hand, a recipient too must understand, the communicator’s cultural context before retaliating or reacting.
- It is a linear Model so, there is no concept of feedback.
- There is no concept of Noise or Barriers in this model of communication
- Some scholars mention the lack of the concept of the sixth sense or feelings that can effect communication.
Thank you for sharing this information in an indepth manner...
ReplyDeleteYou are welcome dear! God Bless!
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